GCSE Link: 4.06 - Hardware and Software

We know these two definitions from GCSE:

Hardware is the physical components of a computer system.

Software refers to the programs or instructions that control a computer's hardware.

Software can be broadly classified into two different groups:

Application software means programs which perform end-user tasks.

Within application software there are three main categories:

• General-purpose: used for many different purposes, like word processors and web browsers
• Special-purpose: for one specific task, like a music player
• Bespoke: custom-built for an organisation or individual

System software means programs which are needed for the computer to function.

This consists of:

• Operating Systems, which provide an interface between application software and the computer's hardware
• Utility programs, which perform maintenance tasks like defragmentation and virus scanning
• Libraries, which are collections of reusable code that other programs can use
• Translators, which convert high-level code into low-level machine code that can be executed by the computer

We'll learn more about these types of system software over the next few pages.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of bespoke software over "off-the-shelf" (general- and special-purpose) software?

Advantages:
• Features are exactly as the customer requires, with nothing missing or unnecessary
• The client will have greater control over updates to the program
• Can provide an edge over competitors as they don't have access to the same software

Disadvantages:
• More expensive due to development costs
• Will not be available immediately
• Less likely to have as much support and maintenance as off-the-shelf software

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